Wet gas metering using a differential pressure based flow meter with a sonar based flow meter

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for measuring a parameter of a wet gas flow is provided, wherein the apparatus includes a differential pressure based flow meter configured to determine a first volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow. Additionally, the apparatus includes a sonar based flow meter configured to determine a second volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow. Furthermore, the apparatus includes a processing device communicated with at least one of the differential pressure base flow meter and the sonar based flow meter, wherein the processing device is configured to determine the parameter (e.g., wetness, volumetric gas flow rate, and volumetric liquid flow rate) of the wet gas flow using the first and second volumetric flow rates.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATIENT APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/760,845 filed Jan. 19, 2006, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/759,159 filed Jan. 12, 2006; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/758,382 filed Jan. 11, 2006; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/724,952 filed Oct. 6, 2005; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/697,479 filed Jul. 7, 2005, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/762,101 filed Jan. 24, 2006; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/773,146 filed Feb. 13, 2006, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/774,706 filed Feb. 17, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/818,199 filed Jun. 30, 2006, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A fluid flow process (flow process) includes any process that involves the flow of fluid through pipes, ducts, or other conduits, as well as through fluid control devices such as pumps, valves, orifices, heat exchangers, and the like. Flow processes are found in many different industries such as the oil and gas industry, refining, food and beverage industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, pulp and paper industry, power generation, pharmaceutical industry, and water and wastewater treatment industry. The fluid within the flow process may be a single phase fluid (e.g., gas, liquid or liquid/liquid mixture) and/or a multi-phase mixture (e.g. paper and pulp slurries or other solid/liquid mixtures). The multi-phase mixture may be a two-phase liquid/gas mixture, a solid/gas mixture or a solid/liquid mixture, gas entrained liquid or a three-phase mixture.

In certain flow processes, such as those found in the oil and gas industries, it is desirable to separate the liquid (e.g., oil and/or water) and the gas (e.g., air) components of the fluid. This is typically accomplished using a separator, which is an item of production equipment used to separate liquid components of the fluid stream from gaseous components. The liquid and gas components flow from the separator in separate legs (pipes), with the leg containing the gas component referred to as the “gas leg” and the leg containing the liquid component referred to as the “liquid leg”. Each of the legs typically includes a flow meter to determine the volumetric flow rate for each of the gas and the fluid components, respectively, wherein the volumetric flow rate for the gas leg is commonly measured using an orifice plate.

As is well known in oil and gas production, the carry-over of liquid into the gas leg of the gas/liquid separator commonly occurs, wherein the liquid typically takes the form of a mist comprised of small liquid droplets, commonly know as wet gas. This is undesirable because the liquid carry-over can result in a host of undesirable events depending in large part on the degree of carry-over that takes place. As such, in order to minimize the amount of liquid carry-over most separators have mist catchers designed to recover the liquid carried over. Unfortunately however, accurate measurements of the amount of liquid carry-over have not been obtainable because there currently exist no devices and/or methods for accurately determining the amount of liquid carried over into the gas leg. As such, there is a need for an apparatus and method to accurately measure the amount of liquid carry-over.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An apparatus for measuring wetness of a wet gas flow or mixture is provided, wherein the apparatus includes a differential pressure based flow meter configured to determine a first volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow. The apparatus also includes a second flow meter having an array of sensors configured to determine a second volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow. Furthermore, the apparatus includes a processing device communicated with at least one of the differential pressure base flow meter and the second flow meter, wherein the processing device is configured to determine at least one of the wetness of the wet gas flow, the volumetric flow of the liquid portion of the wet gas flow, and the volumetric flow of the gas portion of the wet gas flow using the first and second volumetric flow rates.

Moreover, a method of measuring the wetness of a wet gas flow or mixture is provided, wherein the method includes determining a first volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow responsive to a differential pressure in the wet gas flow. The method further includes determining a second volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow responsive to the unsteady pressures caused by coherent structures convecting with the gas flow. Additionally, the method includes processing the first volumetric flow rate and the second volumetric flow rate to determine at least one of the wetness of the wet gas flow, the volumetric flow of the liquid portion of the wet gas flow, and the volumetric flow of the gas portion of the wet gas flow.

Furthermore, an apparatus for measuring a parameter of a wet gas flow is provided, wherein the apparatus includes a first metering device for measuring a differential pressure, wherein the first metering device is configured to determine a first characteristic of the wet gas flow, the first characteristic being sensitive to wetness of the wet gas flow. The apparatus also includes a second metering device, wherein the second metering device is configured to determine a second characteristic of the wet gas flow, the second characteristic being relatively insensitive to wetness of the wet gas flow. Additionally, the apparatus includes a processing device communicated with at least one of the first metering device and the second metering device, wherein the processing device is configured to determine the parameter of the wet gas flow using the first and second characteristic.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings, the foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like elements are numbered alike:

FIG. 1 is schematic diagram of a first embodiment of an apparatus for measuring at least the wetness, the volumetric flow rate of the gas portion, and the volumetric flow rate of the liquid portion of a wet gas flow within a pipe, wherein a flow meter having an array of sensors (sonar meter) is disposed upstream of a differential pressure meter (DP meter) in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a plot of the output of a DP meter and an output of a sonar meter to illustrate that the wetness of the gas is related to the difference of the two outputs in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a wet gas algorithm in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a plot of the output of a DP meter and an output of a sonar meter to illustrate that the wetness of the gas is related to the difference of the two outputs in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a plot of over reporting (over-reading) of an Emerson Model 1595 orifice based flow meter as a function of Lockhart-Martinelli number.

FIG. 6 is a plot depicting the offset between a sonar flow meter and a reference volumetric flow rate as a function of Lockhart-Martinelli number.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of a flow logic of the sonar flow meter in the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a pipe having coherent structures therein.

FIG. 9 is a kω plot of data processed from the apparatus of the present invention that illustrates the slope of the convective ridge, and a plot of the optimization function of the convective ridge in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of an apparatus for measuring at least the wetness, the volumetric flow rate of the gas portion, and the volumetric flow rate of the liquid portion of a wet gas flow within a pipe, wherein a flow meter having an array of sensors is disposed upstream of a differential pressure meter in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Differential pressure-based (DP) flow meters, such as venturi meters, are widely used to monitor gas production and are well-known to over-report the gas flow rates in the presence of liquids, wherein this tendency to over report due to wetness indicates a strong correlation with the liquid to gas mass ratio of the flow. Additionally, it has been observed that sonar meters, as will be described hereinafter, continue to accurately report gas flow rates, independent of the liquid loading. As such, this insensitivity to wetness provides a practical means for accurately measuring the gas flow rate and the liquid flow rate of a wet gas flow. In the processing of the combined data (i.e. data obtained from the DP meter and the sonar meter) a set of local wetness sensitivity coefficients for each wetness series (at fixed pressure and flow rate) can be used to provide a more accurate characterization for both the DP meter and the sonar meter to determine wetness, wherein the wetness sensitivity coefficients for each device may be provided by a low order polynomial fit of the over-report vs wetness. This characterization may then be used to “invert” the outputs of the DP meter and the sonar meter to provide an accurate gas flow rate and an accurate liquid flow rate.

It should be appreciated that the insensitivity of a sonar meter to wetness deteriorates with decreasing densimetric Froude numbers (Fr), wherein the densimetric Froude number is a measure of the degree of “mixedness” in the flow. As is known, the Froude number is given by,

$\begin{matrix} {{Fr} \equiv {\left( \sqrt{\frac{\rho_{gas}}{\rho_{liq}}} \right){\frac{V_{gas}}{gD}.}}} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 1} \right) \end{matrix}$ Wherein Fr is the Froude number, ρ_(gas) is the gas density, ρ_(liq) is the liquid density, V_(gas) is the flow velocity of the gas and gD is the force of gravity multiplied by the inner diameter of the pipe. It should be appreciated that flows that are well mixed provide better results than flows that are not well mixed. As such, because the Froude Number is indicative of the well-ness of the mixture (i.e. the higher the Froude number, the better the flow is mixed), a flow having a Froude Number that is equal to or greater than 2 tends to allow for optimal results. For example, for a Froude number of greater than 2 (i.e. Fr >2), the reported gas rates from the sonar meter is typically within 5% of the actual amount, independent of wetness.

Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of an apparatus 112 for measuring wetness and volumetric flow rates of a wet gas flow 104 flowing within a pipe 124 is shown. The apparatus 112 includes a differential pressure based flow meter 114 (DP flow meter) and a flow meter 116 having an array of sensors 118 (sonar flow meter). The DP flow meter 114 determines the volumetric flow rate (Q_(ΔP)) of the wet gas flow 104. Similarly, the sonar flow meter 116 determines the volumetric flow rate (Q_(sonar)) of the wet gas flow 104, which will be described in greater detail herein after. A processing unit 116, in response to volumetric flow rates provided by the DP flow meter 114 and the sonar flow meter 116, determines at least the wetness, the volumetric flow rate of the gas portion, and the volumetric flow rate of the liquid portion of a wet gas flow within a pipe, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. As shown, the sonar flow meter 116 is disposed downstream of the DP flow meter 114, which provides a well mixed liquid gas flow 104 to be measured by the sonar meter 116. However, it is contemplated by the present invention that the DP flow meter may be disposed downstream of the sonar flow meter as shown in FIG. 10.

The differential pressure based flow meter 114 may include any type of flow meter that enables flow measurement using a differential pressure (ΔP) in the flow 104. For example, the DP flow meter 114 may enable flow measurement by using a flow obstruction 128 or restriction to create a differential pressure that is proportional to the square of the velocity of the gas flow 104 in the pipe 124, in accordance with Bernoulli's theorem. This differential pressure across the obstruction 128, using a pair of pressure sensors 113, may be measured and converted into a volumetric flow rate using a processor or secondary device 130, such as a differential pressure transmitter. In the example shown, the flow obstruction 128 is an orifice plate 128 through which the wet gas flow 104 passes. The transmitter 130 senses the drop in pressure of the flow 104 across the orifice plate 128, and determines a volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow 104 (Q_(ΔP)) as a function of the sensed pressure drop. While an orifice-based flow meter 128 is shown, it will be appreciated that the differential pressure based flow meter 114 may include a venturi meter, an elbow flow meter, a v-cone meter, a pipe constriction or the like.

The sonar based flow meter 116 includes a spatial array 132 of at least two pressure sensors 118 disposed at different axial locations X₁ . . . X_(N) along the pipe 124. Each of the pressure sensors 118 provides a pressure signal P(t) indicative of unsteady pressure within the pipe 124 at a corresponding axial location X₁ . . . X_(N) of the pipe 124. A signal processor 134 receives the pressure signals P₁(t) . . . P_(N)(t) from the pressure sensors 118 in the array 132, and determines the velocity and volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow 104 using pressure signals from the pressure sensors 118.The signal processor 134 then applies array-processing techniques to the pressure signals P₁(t) . . . P_(N)(t) to determine the velocity, volumetric flow rate, and/or other parameters of the wet gas flow 104.

While the sonar based flow meter 116 is shown as including four pressure sensors 118, it is contemplated that the array 132 of pressure sensors 118 may include two or more pressure sensors 118, each providing a pressure signal P(t) indicative of unsteady pressure within the pipe 124 at a corresponding axial location X of the pipe 124. For example, the sonar based flow meter 116 may include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 pressure sensors 118. Generally, the accuracy of the measurement improves as the number of sensors 118 in the array 132 increases. The degree of accuracy provided by the greater number of sensors 118 is offset by the increase in complexity and time for computing the desired output parameter of the flow. Therefore, the number of sensors 118 used is dependent at least on the degree of accuracy desired and the desire update rate of the output parameter provided by the meter 116.

The signals P₁(t) . . . P_(N)(t) provided by the pressure sensors 118 in the array 132 are processed by the signal processor 134, which may be part of the larger processing unit 120. For example, the signal processor 134 may be a microprocessor and the processing unit 120 may be a personal computer or other general purpose computer. It is contemplated that the signal processor 134 may be any one or more analog or digital signal processing devices for executing programmed instructions, such as one or more microprocessors or application specific integrated circuits (ASICS), and may include memory for storing programmed instructions, set points, parameters, and for buffering or otherwise storing data. Further, it should be appreciated that some or all of the functions within the flow logic 136 may be implemented in software (using a microprocessor or computer) and/or firmware, or may be implemented using analog and/or digital hardware, having sufficient memory, interfaces, and capacity to perform the functions described herein.

To determine the volumetric flow rate Q_(sonar) of the wet gas flow 104, the signal processor 134 applies the data from the pressure sensors 118 to flow logic 136 executed by the signal processor 134. The flow logic 136 is described in further detail hereinafter. It is also contemplated that one or more of the functions performed by the secondary device 130 of the differential pressure flow meter 114 may be performed by the signal processor 134. For example, signals indicative of gas flow pressure upstream and downstream of the orifice 128 may be provided to the signal processor 134, and the signal processor 134 may determine the volumetric flow rate Q_(ΔP). Using the volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow 104 determined by the differential pressure based flow meter 114 (Q_(ΔP)) and the volumetric flow rate of the gas flow 104 determined by the sonar based flow meter 116 (Q_(sonar)), the signal processor 134 can determine the wetness, the volumetric flow rate of the gas portion, and the volumetric flow rate of the liquid portion of the flow 104.

One measure of the wetness of the wet gas flow 104 or a gas continuous mixture is the Lockhardt Martinelli (LM) number. The LM number is defined as the square root of the ratio of the product of liquid mass flow times the liquid volumetric flow to the product of the gas mass flow times the gas volumetric flow and is given by,

$\begin{matrix} {{LM} \equiv \sqrt{\frac{{\overset{.}{m}}_{liq}Q_{liq}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{gas}Q_{liq}}} \equiv \sqrt{\frac{\rho_{liq}Q_{liq}^{2}}{\rho_{gas}Q_{gas}^{2}}} \equiv {\left( \frac{\sqrt{\rho_{liq}}}{\sqrt{\rho_{gas}}} \right)\left( \frac{Q_{liq}}{Q_{gas}} \right)}} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 2} \right) \end{matrix}$ wherein, m_(liq) is the liquid mass flow, Q_(liq) is the liquid volumetric flow, ρ_(liq) is the density of the liquid, m_(gas) is the gas mass flow, Q_(gas) is the gas volumetric flow, and ρ_(gas) is the density of the gas. The differential pressure based flow meter 114 will over report the volumetric flow rate of the gas flow 104 by a ratio of 1+αLM as compared to the volumetric flow reported for an equivalent volume flow rate of dry gas. FIG. 5 depicts a plot of this over reporting (over-reading) of an Emerson Model 1595 orifice based flow meter as a function of the LM number and as shown, the over reporting scales linearly with the LM number.

In contrast, the sonar based volumetric flow meter 116 has been demonstrated to accurately report a volumetric flow of a wet gas mixture with little sensitivity to wetness. FIG. 6 depicts the offset between a sonar flow meter 116 and a reference volumetric flow rate as a function of the LM number. As shown, the offset is a relatively weak function of the LM number. Accordingly: Q_(SONAR)=Q_(gas)   (Eqn 3) wherein Q_(SONAR) is the flow rate of the gas of the flow 104.

The sonar flow meter 116 and the differential flow meter (“DP meter”) 114 will report the same flow rates for dry gases, and will report diverging flow rates with increasing wetness. Thus, the combination of the volumetric flow rates Q_(ΔP) and Q_(sonar) from the differential pressure based flow meter 114 and sonar based flow meter 116 provide a measure of both the flow rate and the wetness of a gas continuous flow 104, which can be determined by the signal processor 134 using the equations:

$\begin{matrix} {{Q_{\Delta\; P} = {Q_{gas}\left( {1 + {\alpha\;{LM}}} \right)}}{or}} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 4a} \right) \\ {{LM} = {\frac{1}{\alpha}\left( {\frac{Q_{\Delta\; P}}{Q_{SONAR}} - 1} \right)}} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 4b} \right) \end{matrix}$ where α is an empirically determined wetness sensitivity coefficient that may be introduced by various factors, such as environmental factors (i.e. temperature and/or pressure) and/or factors related to the meter being used (i.e. a characteristic of an individual or group of meters and/or the tolerance of the meter). It should be appreciated that a calibration point can be added by equating the outputs of the differential pressure based flow meter 114 and sonar based flow meter 116 during flow conditions where the gas is known to be dry.

As one can appreciate the LM may be determined using the measured volumetric flow rates (i.e., Q_(ΔP) and Q_(SONAR)) measured by the DP flow meter 114 and the sonar flow meter 116, respectively, using Eqn. 4 b. Knowing the LM number and the density of the gas and liquid, the volumetric flow rate of the liquid may be determined using Eqn. 2 and Eqn. 3.

While the over-reporting may be defined as the linear function 1+αLM, one will appreciate that the invention contemplates that the over-reporting can be defined as any function suitable to the desired end purpose, such as a linear, quadratic, polynomial and/or logarithmic function that defines an over-reporting characteristics of the meters which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. In other words, any over-reporting function may be used that accurately fits the output of the flow meters 114, 116 over the desire range of LM numbers (e.g., curve fitting).

The signal processor 134 may output the LM number, the volumetric flow rates Q_(ΔP) and/or Q_(sonar,), velocity of the gas and liquid portions, or any combination thereof, as well as various other parameters that may be determined from these values as a signal 138. The signal 138 may be provided to a display 140, another input/output (I/O) device 142 or another processing device for further processing. Moreover, the I/O device 142 may also accept user input parameters 144 as may be necessary for the flow logic 136. The I/O device 142, display 140, and/or signal processor 134 unit may be mounted in a common housing, which may be attached to the array 132 by a flexible cable, wireless connection, or the like. The flexible cable may also be used to provide operating power from the processing unit 120 to the array 132 if necessary.

It should be appreciated that the relationship of the LM number to the output of the DP flow meter 114 (Q_(ΔP)) and the sonar flow meter 116 (Q_(SONAR)) as described hereinbefore is graphically illustrated in FIG. 2. As shown, the difference 400 between the volumetric flow rate 402 of the DP flowmeter 114 and the volumetric flow rate 404 of the sonar meter 116 is related to the wetness of the gas flow 104, and is given by 1+αLM. While the description for the sonar meter 116 provides an output signal representative of the velocity or flow rate of the gas to be used in the determination of the wetness, the invention contemplates that any other output of the sonar meter 116, which is insensitive to wetness may be used to determine the wetness of the gas.

Referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram 300 describes an algorithm for determining at least one of the wetness, volumetric liquid flow rate, and volumetric gas flow rate of the wet gas 104 flowing in the pipe 124. An output function of each of the flow meters 114, 116 is provided that is dependent on a non-dimensional parameter relating to the wetness of the flow 104, as shown in operational block 302. The non-dimensional parameter (e.g., LM number and liquid to gas mass flow ratio (MR)) is determined, as shown in operational block 304. Knowing the non-dimensional parameter, the gas and liquid volumetric flow rates (Q_(ΔP), Q_(SONAR)) are determined, as shown in operational block 306. This may be accomplished by utilizing the relationship between the volumetric flow rate or velocity of the flow 104 obtained by the sonar flow meter, and the volumetric flow rate or velocity of the flow obtained by the DP flow meter (e.g., venturi meter), wherein the volumetric flow rate of the wet gas flow 104 obtained by the sonar flow meter, Q_(SONAR), can be expressed as, Q _(SONAR)=(1+αMR)Q _(gas),   (Eqn 5) and the volumetric flow rate of the flow obtained by the Venturi meter, V_(venturi), can be expressed as, Q _(venturi)=(1+βMR+χMR ²)Q _(gas),   (Eqn 6) where α, β, and χ are empirically determined wetness sensitivity coefficients, MR is the liquid to gas mass flow ratio and Q_(gas) is the volumetric flow rate of the gas portion of the wet gas flow 104. While the over-reporting of the sonar meter may be defined as 1+αMR and the over-reporting of the DP meter (e.g., venturi meter) may be defined as 1+βMR+χMR², one will appreciate that the invention contemplates that the over-reporting can be defined as any function suitable to the desired end purpose, such as a linear, quadratic, polynomial and/or logarithmic function that defines an over-reporting characteristics of the meters which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. Moreover, while Q_(SONAR) is shown as being defined by the function in Eqn. 5 and Q_(Venturi) is shown as being defined by the function in Eqn. 6, it should be appreciated that Q_(SONAR) and Q_(Venturi) may be defined by any function suitable to the desired end purpose, such as a linear, quadratic, polynomial and/or logarithmic function that defines an over-reporting characteristic of the meter(s) as will be described in greater detail hereinafter. In other words, any over-reporting function may be used that accurately fits the output of the flow meters 114, 116 over the desire range of MRs (e.g., curve fitting).

The value for MR may be determined by solving the above equations (Eqn. 5 and Eqn. 6) for Q_(gas) and equating the two resultant equations as follows,

$\begin{matrix} {{Q_{gas} = \frac{Q_{SONAR}}{\left( {1 + {\alpha\;{MR}}} \right)}},{and}} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 7} \right) \\ {Q_{gas} = {\frac{Q_{venturi}}{\left( {1 + {\beta\;{MR}} + {\chi\;{MR}^{2}}} \right)}.}} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 8} \right) \end{matrix}$ Thus, it follows that,

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{Q_{SONAR}}{\left( {1 + {\alpha\;{MR}}} \right)} = \frac{Q_{venturi}}{\left( {1 + {\beta\;{MR}} + {\chi\;{MR}^{2}}} \right)}},{and},{therefore},} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 9} \right) \\ {{MR} = {\frac{\mspace{104mu}{{- \left( {\beta - {\alpha\;\frac{Q_{venturi}}{Q_{sonar}}}} \right)} + \sqrt{\left( {\beta - {\alpha\;\frac{Q_{venturi}}{Q_{sonar}}}} \right)^{2} - {4{\chi\left( {1 - \frac{Q_{venturi}}{Q_{sonar}}} \right)}}}}}{2\chi}.}} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 10} \right) \end{matrix}$ At this point, the gas flow rate, Q_(gas), and the liquid flow rate, Q_(Liq), can be determined by using the following relationships,

$\begin{matrix} {{Q_{gas} = \frac{Q_{SONAR}}{\left( {1 + {\alpha\;{MR}}} \right)}},{and}} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 11} \right) \\ {{Q_{liq} = {\left( {\frac{\rho_{gas}}{\rho_{liq}}{MR}} \right)Q_{gas}}},} & \left( {{Eqn}\mspace{20mu} 12} \right) \end{matrix}$ where ρ_(gas) is the density of the gas flow and ρ_(liq) is the density of the liquid flow.

It should be appreciated that the relationship of the MR to the output of the DP flowmeter 114 (Q_(ΔP)) and the sonar flow meter 116 (Q_(SONAR)) as described hereinbefore is graphically illustrated in FIG. 4. As shown, the difference 410 between the volumetric flow rate 412 of the DP flowmeter 114 and the volumetric flow rate 414 of the sonar meter 116 is relative to the wetness of the gas flow 104, and is given by the difference of 1+βMR+χMR² and 1+αMR. While the description for the sonar flow meter 116 provides an output signal representative of the velocity or volumetric flow rate of the gas to be used in the determination of the wetness, the invention contemplates that any other output of the sonar flow meter 116, which is insensitive to wetness may be used to determine the wetness of the gas. Additionally, while the DP flowmeter 114 is described herein as being a venturi meter, the invention contemplates that any other type of DP flowmeter suitable to the desired end purpose may be used.

One will also appreciate that while the characteristics of the output was defined as the volumetric flow rates of the meters, the present invention contemplates that the characteristics may be defined by any other output measured by the flow meters, such as the flow velocity, provided the sensitivity of the outputs to wetness are comparable to the sensitivity of the measured volumetric flow rate. In other words, the measured parameter of the DP flow meter 114 is sensitive to wetness and the measured output of the sonar flow meter 116 is relatively insensitive to wetness of the flow 104.

Furthermore, while the present invention defines the outputs of the DP flow meter 114 and the sonar flow meter 116 as a respective formula to be solved, it will be appreciated that the data may be provided in the form of a look-up table to provide a number for a non-dimensional parameter (e.g., LM number, MR), the volumetric liquid flow rate and volumetric gas flow rate of the flow 104 in response to the measured parameters (velocity, volumetric flow) of the flow meters 114, 116.

Referring to FIG. 10, the apparatus 112 is shown wherein the wet gas mixture 104 is directed to flow in a gas leg portion 108 of a separator 102 and the liquid 106 is directed to flow in a liquid leg portion 110 of the separator 102. The gas mixture 104 flowing in the gas leg 108 includes gas and liquid carry-over from the separator 102. The fluid flow 100 is shown being introduced into a separator 102 which separates the fluid flow 100 into a gas mixture 104 and a liquid 106, wherein the gas mixture 104 is directed to flow in a gas leg portion 108 of the separator 102 and the liquid 106 is directed to flow in a liquid leg portion 110 of the separator 102. The gas mixture 104 flowing in the gas leg 108 includes gas and liquid carry-over from the separator 102. An apparatus 112 is provided to measure the wetness and flow rate of the gas mixture 104 and may include a differential flow meter (“DP meter”) 114 and a sonar flow meter 116 having an array of strain-based sensors 118, wherein the combination of the DP meter 114 and the sonar flow meter 116 provides flow rate measurements to a separator outflow processor 120. As described in greater detail hereinbefore, using the measurements from the DP meter 114 and the sonar flow meter 116, the separator outflow processor 120 determines the wetness of the gas mixture 104 in the gas leg 108 as well as, the volumetric flow rate of the gas, and the volumetric flow rate of the liquid carry-over. The volumetric flow rate of the components of the liquid carry-over (i.e. oil and water) may be determined by assuming a known or typical water cut (or phase fraction) or by using the water cut measured as may be provided by a liquid flow meter 122 disposed on the liquid leg portion 110 of the separator 102.

The gas/liquid separator 102 is an item of production equipment used to separate liquid components of an incoming fluid stream 100 from any gaseous components. The liquid and gas components flow from the separator 102 in separate pipes (legs) 124 and 126, with the leg 124 containing the gas component 104 and the leg 126 containing the liquid component 106. The liquid leg 126 may include the liquid flow meter 122, which measures the volumetric flow rate of the liquid 106 flowing there through. While the separator 102 is depicted as a vertical vessel, the gas/liquid separator 102 may be any device for separating gas from one or more liquids. For example, the separator 102 may include a cylindrical or spherical vessel, and may be either horizontally or vertically positioned. Furthermore, the separator 102 may use gravity segregation, centrifugal separation, cyclone separation, or any other known means to accomplish the separation, and may include one or more stages.

It should be appreciated that the sonar meter 116 may comprise a plurality of ultrasonic sensors 118 to provide an output signal, for example a velocity measurement. The ultrasonic sonar flow meter 116 is similar to that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/756,977 filed on Jan. 13, 2004 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/964,043 filed on Oct. 12, 2004, which are incorporated herein by reference.

It should be further appreciated that the sensors 118 may also include electrical strain gages, optical fibers and/or gratings, ported sensors, among others as described herein, and may be attached to the pipe 124 by adhesive, glue, epoxy, tape or other suitable attachment means to ensure suitable contact between the sensor and the pipe 124. Additionally, the sensors 118 may alternatively be removable or permanently attached via known mechanical techniques such as mechanical fastener, spring loaded, clamped, clam shell arrangement, strapping or other equivalents. Alternatively, strain gages, including optical fibers and/or gratings, may be embedded in a composite pipe 124. If desired, for certain applications, gratings may be detached from (or strain or acoustically isolated from) the pipe 124 if desired. It is also contemplated that any other strain sensing technique may be used to measure the variations in strain in the pipe 124, such as highly sensitive piezoelectric, electronic or electric, strain gages attached to or embedded in the pipe 124.

In various embodiments of the present invention, a piezo-electronic pressure transducer may be used as one or more of the pressure sensors 118 and it may measure the unsteady (or dynamic or ac) pressure variations inside the pipe 124 by measuring the pressure levels inside the pipe 124. In one embodiment of the present invention, the sensors 118 comprise pressure sensors manufactured by PCB Piezotronics of Depew, N.Y. For example, in one pressure sensor there are integrated circuit piezoelectric voltage mode-type sensors that feature built-in microelectronic amplifiers, and convert the high-impedance charge into a low-impedance voltage output. Specifically, a Model 106B manufactured by PCB Piezotronics is used which is a high sensitivity, acceleration compensated integrated circuit piezoelectric quartz pressure sensor suitable for measuring low pressure acoustic phenomena in hydraulic and pneumatic systems. It has the unique capability to measure small pressure changes of less than 0.001 psi under high static conditions. The 106B has a 300 mV/psi sensitivity and a resolution of 91 dB (0.0001 psi). The sensors 118 may incorporate a built-in MOSFET microelectronic amplifier to convert the high-impedance charge output into a low-impedance voltage signal. The sensors 118 may be powered from a constant-current source and can operate over long coaxial or ribbon cable without signal degradation. The low-impedance voltage signal is not affected by triboelectric cable noise or insulation resistance-degrading contaminants. Power to operate integrated circuit piezoelectric sensors generally takes the form of a low-cost, 24 to 27 VDC, 2 to 20 mA constant-current supply.

Most piezoelectric pressure sensors are constructed with either compression mode quartz crystals preloaded in a rigid housing, or unconstrained tourmaline crystals. These designs give the sensors microsecond response times and resonant frequencies in the hundreds of kHz, with minimal overshoot or ringing. Small diaphragm diameters ensure spatial resolution of narrow shock waves. The output characteristic of piezoelectric pressure sensor systems is that of an AC-coupled system, where repetitive signals decay until there is an equal area above and below the original base line. As magnitude levels of the monitored event fluctuate, the output remains stabilized around the base line with the positive and negative areas of the curve remaining equal. Furthermore it is contemplated that each of the sensors 118 may include a piezoelectric sensor that provides a piezoelectric material to measure the unsteady pressures of the flow 104. The piezoelectric material, such as the polymer, polarized fluoropolymer, PVDF, measures the strain induced within the process pipe 124 due to unsteady pressure variations within the flow 104. Strain within the pipe 124 is transduced to an output voltage or current by the attached piezoelectric sensors 118.

The PVDF material forming each piezoelectric sensor 118 may be adhered to the outer surface of a steel strap that extends around and clamps onto the outer surface of the pipe 124. The piezoelectric sensing element is typically conformal to allow complete or nearly complete circumferential measurement of induced strain. The sensors can be formed from PVDF films, co-polymer films, or flexible PZT sensors, similar to that described in “Piezo Film Sensors technical Manual” provided by Measurement Specialties, Inc. of Fairfield, N.J., which is incorporated herein by reference. The advantages of this technique are the following:

1. Non-intrusive flow rate measurements;

2. Low cost;

3. Measurement technique requires no excitation source. Ambient flow noise is used as a source;

4. Flexible piezoelectric sensors can be mounted in a variety of configurations to enhance signal detection schemes. These configurations include a) co-located sensors, b) segmented sensors with opposing polarity configurations, c) wide sensors to enhance acoustic signal detection and minimize vortical noise detection, d) tailored sensor geometries to minimize sensitivity to pipe modes, e) differencing of sensors to eliminate acoustic noise from vortical signals; and

5. Higher Temperatures (140C) (co-polymers).

Flow logic

Velocity Processing

As described in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,609,069 to Gysling, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Determining the Flow Velocity Within a Pipe”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, the unsteady pressures along a pipe 124 caused by coherent structures (e.g., turbulent eddies and vortical disturbances) that convect with a fluid (e.g., gas flow 104) flowing in the pipe 124, contain useful information regarding parameters of the fluid.

Referring to FIG. 7, an example of the flow logic 136 is shown. As previously described, the array 132 of at least two sensors 118 located at two locations x₁, x₂ axially along the pipe 124 sense respective stochastic signals propagating between the sensors 118 within the pipe 124 at their respective locations. Each sensor 118 provides a signal indicating an unsteady pressure at the location of each sensor 118, at each instant in a series of sampling instants. One will appreciate that the array 132 may include more than two sensors 118 distributed at locations X₁ . . . X_(N). The pressure generated by the convective pressure disturbances (e.g., eddies 146, see FIG. 8) may be measured through the sensors 118, which may be strained-based sensors and/or pressure sensors. The sensors 118 provide analog pressure time-varying signals P₁(t), P₂(t), P₃(t) . . . P_(N)(t) to the signal processor 134, which in turn applies these signals P₁(t), P₂(t), P₃(t) . . . P_(N)(t) to the flow logic 136. The flow logic 136 processes the signals P₁(t), P₂(t), P₃(t) . . . P_(N)(t) to first provide output signals (parameters) indicative of the pressure disturbances that convect with the fluid (gas) 104, and subsequently, provide output signals in response to pressure disturbances generated by convective waves propagating through the fluid 104, such as velocity, Mach number and volumetric flow rate of the fluid 104.

The signal processor 134 includes data acquisition unit 148 (e.g., A/D converter) that converts the analog signals P₁(t) . . . P_(N)(t) to respective digital signals and provides the digital signals P₁(t) . . . P_(N)(t) to FFT logic 150. The FFT logic 150 calculates the Fourier transform of the digitized time-based input signals P₁(t) . . . P_(N)(t) and provides complex frequency domain (or frequency based) signals P₁(ω),P₂(ω),P₃(ω), . . . P_(N)(ω) indicative of the frequency content of the input signals to a data accumulator 152. Instead of FFT's, any other technique for obtaining the frequency domain characteristics of the signals P₁(t)-P_(N)(t), may also be used. For example, the cross-spectral density and the power spectral density may be used to form a frequency domain transfer functions (or frequency response or ratios) discussed hereinafter. One technique of determining the convection velocity of the turbulent eddies 146 within the fluid 104 is by characterizing a convective ridge (154 in FIG. 9) of the resulting unsteady pressures using an array of sensors or other beam forming techniques, similar to that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,889,562 issued May 10, 2005 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,609,069, which are incorporated herein by reference.

The data accumulator 152 accumulates the frequency signals P₁(ω))-P_(N)(ω) over a sampling interval, and provides the data to an array processor 156, which performs a spatial-temporal (two-dimensional) transform of the sensor data, from the xt domain to the k-co domain, and then calculates the power in the k-ω plane, as represented by the k-ω plot shown in FIG. 9. The array processor 156 uses standard so-called beam forming, array processing, or adaptive array-processing algorithms, i.e. algorithms for processing the sensor signals using various delays and weighting to create suitable phase relationships between the signals provided by the different sensors, thereby creating phased antenna array functionality. In other words, the beam forming or array processing algorithms transform the time domain signals from the sensor array into their spatial and temporal frequency components, i.e. into a set of wave numbers given by k=2π/λ where λ is the wavelength of a spectral component, and corresponding angular frequencies given by ω=2_(πν.)

It should be appreciated that the prior art teaches many algorithms for use in spatially and temporally decomposing a signal from a phased array of sensors, and the present invention is not restricted to any particular algorithm. One particular adaptive array processing algorithm is the Capon method/algorithm. While the Capon method is described as one method, the present invention contemplates the use of other adaptive array processing algorithms, such as MUSIC algorithm. The present invention recognizes that such techniques can be used to determine flow rate, i.e. that the signals caused by a stochastic parameter convecting with a flow are time stationary and have a coherence length long enough that it is practical to locate sensor units apart from each other and yet still be within the coherence length. Convective characteristics or parameters have a dispersion relationship that can be approximated by the straight-line equation, k=ω/μ, (Eqn 13) where u is the convection velocity (flow velocity). A plot of k-ω pairs obtained from a spectral analysis of sensor samples associated with convective parameters portrayed so that the energy of the disturbance spectrally corresponding to pairings that might be described as a substantially straight ridge, a ridge that in turbulent boundary layer theory is called a convective ridge. What is being sensed are not discrete events of turbulent eddies, but rather a continuum of possibly overlapping events forming a temporally stationary, essentially white process over the frequency range of interest. In other words, the convective eddies 146 is distributed over a range of length scales and hence temporal frequencies.

To calculate the power in the k-ω plane, as represented by a k-ω plot (see FIG. 9) of either one of the signals, the array processor 156 determines the wavelength and so the (spatial) wavenumber k, and also the (temporal) frequency and so the angular frequency ω, of various of the spectral components of the stochastic parameter. There are numerous algorithms available in the public domain to perform the spatial/temporal decomposition of arrays of sensors 118. The present invention may use temporal and spatial filtering to precondition the signals to effectively filter out the common mode characteristics P_(common mode) and other long wavelength (compared to the sensor spacing) characteristics in the pipe 124 by differencing adjacent sensors 118 and retain a substantial portion of the stochastic parameter associated with the flow field and any other short wavelength (compared to the sensor spacing) low frequency stochastic parameters. In the case of suitable turbulent eddies 146 (see FIG. 8) being present, the power in the k-ω plane shown in the k-ω) plot of FIG. 9 shows a convective ridge 154. The convective ridge 154 represents the concentration of a stochastic parameter that convects with the flow and is a mathematical manifestation of the relationship between the spatial variations and temporal variations described above. Such a plot will indicate a tendency for k-ω pairs to appear more or less along a line 154 with some slope, the slope indicating the flow velocity.

Once the power in the k-ω plane is determined, a convective ridge identifier 158 uses one or another feature extraction method to determine the location and orientation (slope) of any convective ridge 154 present in the k-ω plane. In one embodiment, a so-called slant stacking method is used, a method in which the accumulated frequency of k-ω pairs in the k-ω plot along different rays emanating from the origin are compared, each different ray being associated with a different trial convection velocity (in that the slope of a ray is assumed to be the flow velocity or correlated to the flow velocity in a known way). The convective ridge identifier 158 provides information about the different trial convection velocities, information referred to generally as convective ridge information to an analyzer 160. The analyzer 160 then examines the convective ridge information including the convective ridge orientation (slope). Assuming the straight-line dispersion relation given by k=ω/μ, the analyzer 160 determines the flow velocity, Mach number and/or volumetric flow, which are output as signals 138. The volumetric flow is determined by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the inside of the pipe 124 with the velocity of the process flow.

The present invention contemplates that the sonar flow meter 116 may be substituted with an ultrasonic flow meter similar to any one of the following types of meters: Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meter (TTUF), Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeter (DUF), and Cross Correlation Ultrasonic Flow Meter (CCUF), similar to that described in the article “Guidelines for the Use of Ultrasonic Non-Invasive Metering Techniques” by M. L. Sanderson and H. Yeung, published on Jul. 17, 2002, which incorporated herein by reference. One such CCUF is manufactured by GE Panametrics DigitalFlow™ CTF878 flowmeter having a pair of ultrasonic sensors disposed axially along the pipe, which is incorporated herein by reference.

It should be appreciated that while the invention is discussed herein with reference to the Lockhardt-Martinelli Number and/or Liquid to Gas Mass Ratio, other non-dimensional parameters related to wetness may also be used. It should also be appreciated that the method of the present invention provides for a flow measurement that is very insensitive to wetness, such as that provided by the sonar flow meter. As such, the present invention allows for a greater difference in the over reporting between the sonar flow meter 116 and the DP meter 114 which translates into measurements that have a greater accuracy and resolution than existing methods.

While the invention disclosed herein is discussed in terms of a DP meter(s), a sonar meter and/or an ultrasonic meter, the present invention contemplates that any meter and/or combination of meters suitable to the desired end purpose may be used, such that the meters provide an output measurement having a repeatable over report function (or output signal) with respect to the wetness of the flow 104, wherein the over reporting is substantially less than the over reporting of the DP meter 114. The greater the difference in the over reporting between the meter 116 and the DP meter 114, the greater the accuracy and resolution of the wetness measurement. Moreover, one should appreciate that the meters (e.g., sonar meter and ultrasonic meter) combined with the differential meter may also comprise non-invasive clamp on sensors or wetted sensors. It should be further understood that any of the features, characteristics, alternatives or modifications described regarding a particular embodiment herein may also be applied, used, or incorporated with any other embodiment described herein. Although the invention has been described and illustrated with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, the foregoing and various other additions and omissions may be made therein and thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Additionally, it should be appreciated that although in the example shown the pipe 124 is depicted as the gas leg 108 of the gas/liquid separator 102, it is contemplated that the apparatus 112 may be used on any duct, conduit or other form of pipe 124 through which a gas 104 may flow.

The method of the invention may be embodied in the form of a computer or controller implemented processes. The invention may also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, and/or any other computer-readable medium, wherein when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer or controller, the computer or controller becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer or controller, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer or a controller, the computer or controller becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor the computer program code segments may configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits.

While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed herein as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention. 

1. An apparatus for measuring wetness of a gas flow, the apparatus comprising: a differential pressure based flow meter configured to determine a first volumetric flow rate of the gas flow; a sonar based flow meter configured to determine a second volumetric flow rate of the gas flow; and a processing device communicated with said differential pressure based flow meter and said sonar based flow meter, wherein said processing device is configured to determine the wetness of the gas flow using the first and second volumetric flow rates.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said differential based flow meter includes a pair of pressures sensors.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said differential based flow meter is at least one of an orifice plate based flow meter, a venturi meter, an elbow flow meter and a v-cone meter.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said sonar based flow meter includes an array of at least three strain-based sensors.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said sonar based flow meter includes an ultrasonic sonar flow meter.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said differential based flow meter is disposed in at least one of an upstream location and a downstream location from said sonar based flow meter.
 7. A method of measuring the wetness of a gas flow, the method comprising: determining a first volumetric flow rate of the gas flow responsive to a differential pressure in the gas flow; determining a second volumetric flow rate of the gas flow responsive to the unsteady pressures caused by coherent structures convecting with the gas flow; and processing said first volumetric flow rate and said second volumetric flow rate to determine the wetness of the gas flow.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said determining includes determining said first volumetric flow rate via at least one differential based pressure meter.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said differential base pressure meter includes at least one of a an orifice based flow meter, a venturi meter, an elbow flow meter and a v-cone meter.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein said determining includes determining said second volumetric flow rate using signals from an array of sensors disposed at different axial locations along a length of the pipe, wherein said signals are responsive to said unsteady pressures caused by coherent structures convecting with the gas flow.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein said determining includes determining said second volumetric flow rate via at least one sonar based flow meter.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said at least one sonar based flow meter is an ultrasonic sonar flow meter.
 13. A method of measuring the wetness of a gas flow, the method comprising: determining a first volumetric flow rate of the as flow responsive to a differential pressure in the as flow; determining a second volumetric flow rate of the gas flow responsive to the unsteady pressures caused by coherent structures convecting with gas flow; and processing said first volumetric flow rate and said second volumetric flow rate to determine the wetness of the gas flow and processing said first volumetric flow rate and said second volumetric flow rate to determine the Lockhardt Martinelli (LM) number which is given by, ${{LM} \equiv \sqrt{\frac{{\overset{.}{m}}_{liq}Q_{liq}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{gas}Q_{gas}}}},$ where, m_(liq) is the liquid mass flow, Q_(liq) is the liquid volumetric flow, m_(gas) is the gas mass flow and Q_(gas) is the gas volumetric flow.
 14. A method of measuring the wetness of a gas flow, the method comprising: determining a first volumetric flow rate of the as flow responsive to a differential pressure in the as flow; determining a second volumetric flow rate of the gas flow responsive to the unsteady pressures caused by coherent structures convecting with gas flow; and processing said first volumetric flow rate and said second volumetric flow rate to determine the wetness of the gas flow, and processing said first volumetric flow rate and said second volumetric flow rate to determine the Lockhardt Martinelli (LM) number which is given by, ${{MR} = \frac{{- \left( {\beta - {\alpha\frac{V_{Sventuri}}{V_{Ssonar}}}} \right)} + \sqrt{\left( {\beta - {\alpha\frac{V_{Sventuri}}{V_{Ssonar}}}} \right)^{2} - {4{\chi\left( {1 - \frac{V_{Sventuri}}{V_{sonar}}} \right)}}}}{2\chi}},$ where α, β and χ are wetness sensitivity coefficients, Q_(gas) is the superficial velocity of the gas, V_(venturi) is the velocity of the flow obtained by a differential pressure meter and V_(SONAR) is the velocity of the flow obtained by a sonar based flow meter.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein Q_(SONAR) is related to Q_(gas) by the relationship, Q _(SONAR)=(1+αMR)Q _(gas).
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein Q_(venturi) is related to Q_(as) by the relationship, Q _(venturi)=(1+βMR+χMR ²)Q _(gas).
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein said processing includes determining the gas flow rate, Q_(as), using the relationship, $Q_{gas} = {\frac{Q_{SONAR}}{\left( {1 + {\alpha\;{MR}}} \right)}.}$
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein said processing includes determining the liquid flow rate, Q_(Liq), using the relationship, $Q_{liq} = {\left( {\frac{\rho_{gas}}{\rho_{liq}}{MR}} \right){Q_{gas}.}}$
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein said wetness sensitivity coefficients, α, β and χ are empirically determined.
 20. An apparatus for measuring a parameter of a wet gas flow, the apparatus comprising: a first metering device for measuring a differential pressure, wherein said first metering device is configured to determine a first characteristic of the wet gas flow, said first characteristic being sensitive to wetness of the wet gas flow; a second metering device, wherein said second metering device is configured to determine a second characteristic of the wet gas flow, said second characteristic being relatively insensitive to wetness of the wet gas flow; and a processing device communicated with said first metering device and said second metering device, wherein said processing device is configured to determine the parameter of the wet gas flow using said first and second characteristic.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the measured parameter is at least one of wetness, volumetric liquid flow rate, liquid velocity, volumetric gas flow rate, and gas velocity. 